http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702303299604577323843914377930.html
By:EDWARD JAY EPSTEIN
Date: 2012-04-13
At 9:02 a.m. on April 19, 1995, a huge truck bomb destroyed a large part of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, damaging more than 300 other buildings and killing 168 people, including 19 children at a day-care center. The bombing was the deadliest terror attack America had experienced before the 9/11 assault and, understandably, caused a public outcry for justice.
In a matter of days the FBI established that the bombing was the work of a conspiracy. While that word may not always sit well with journalists, conspiracies are the rule, not the exception, when it comes to perpetrating such crimes. According to the Center on Law and Security at Fordham University, which tracks federal terrorism cases, 92% of all federal indictments for such cases since 2001 contained a conspiracy charge.
The first conspirator arrested was Timothy McVeigh, a 27-year-old Army veteran, who had been awarded the Bronze Star during the first Gulf War. As the evidence clearly showed, McVeigh had driven the truck bomb to Oklahoma City and detonated it. The second conspirator arrested was Terry Nichols, a 40-year-old farmer who had befriended McVeigh in the Army and who had helped him prepare and arm the truck bomb. Both McVeigh and Mr. Nichols were found guilty of a conspiracy to use a weapon of mass destruction. McVeigh was sentenced to death and executed on June 11, 2001. Mr. Nichols was sentenced to life imprisonment with no possibility of parole. The only other person charged in the conspiracy was Michael Fortier, who pleaded guilty to not warning authorities of the attack; he was sentenced to 12 years and is now in the witness-protection program, having testified for the prosecution in the McVeigh and Nichols cases.
"Oklahoma City," an extraordinarily well-researched book, asserts that the FBI investigation of the bombing was badly flawed and missed, or disregarded, evidence of a larger conspiracy. The authors, Andrew Gumbel and Roger Charles, are both highly regarded investigative reporters who have been immersed in this case for more than a decade. (Mr. Charles also worked as an investigator for the legal team defending McVeigh.) They were given access to vast amounts of material assembled by the defense teams, including 18,000 FBI witness interviews; and the authors extensively corresponded with Mr. Nichols in the supermax prison where he is held in Florence, Colo. Messrs. Gumbel and Charles have no doubt that McVeigh and Mr. Nichols were guilty as charged in the conspiracy, but the authors raise the question: "How far did the conspiracy go?"
The book brilliantly deconstructs the investigation with the benefit of hindsight. It describes, most tellingly, a turf war among the law-enforcement agencies, including the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms hoarding information and keeping it from the FBI. Danny Defenbaugh, who led the FBI investigation and is now a private security consultant, told the authors: "When you get agencies working together in a joint Task Force, they should be holding hands, not keeping fingers crossed behind their backs." The book also outlines how federal prosecutors, eager to wrap up the McVeigh and Nichols cases, avoided raising questions about possible co-conspirators that the defense could use to confound a jury.
Among the glaring gaps in the investigation was the failure of the FBI to attempt to match the more than 1,000 unidentified latent fingerprints found in the investigation—taken from McVeigh's car and motel room, as well as from the office where he had rented the truck—to the FBI's computerized database or even to perform a comparison among them to see how many belonged to the same people. This failure proved important because, as the authors demonstrate, almost all the eyewitnesses to the crime claimed that McVeigh was not alone.
No fewer than 24 witnesses said that they saw McVeigh, just before and after the crime, with a man who could not have been either Mr. Nichols or Mr. Fortier. The FBI concluded that these witnesses had all been confused. Certainly eyewitness testimony can be unreliable, but 24 mistaken witnesses—and no accurate ones? The authors suggest that the FBI missed the chance to track down a third conspirator. "One of the prickliest problems with the government's case," they write, "was its failure to explain how McVeigh and Nichols could build a huge destructive device without advanced explosives training and be confident it would go off."
Searching for candidates for this "unknown John Doe," Messrs. Gumbel and Charles investigate right-wing militias, paranoid religious sects and others with whom McVeigh and Mr. Nichols might have associated. There is no shortage of suspects in this bizarre universe, including gun-show scamsters, bank robbers, drug addicts and neo-Nazis. All that the authors are able to show is that the most likely suspects were not adequately investigated by the FBI. If there were other conspirators, we do not know who they are.
The great value of "Oklahoma City" is not that it solves a mystery but that it reveals the limits, and vulnerabilities, of a no-expense-barred government investigation. Yes, the FBI investigation was quantitatively massive—it collected a vast amount of data, including 13 million hotel and motel records—but it may have missed the bigger picture by not pursuing, or dismissing, evidence that went counter to the prosecution's "two man alone" theory.
—Mr. Epstein's latest book is "Three Days in May: The DSK Thriller," to be published later this month by Melville House.
The article is reproduced in accordance with Section 107 of title 17 of the Copyright Law of the United States relating to fair-use and is for the purposes of criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research.
By:EDWARD JAY EPSTEIN
Date: 2012-04-13
At 9:02 a.m. on April 19, 1995, a huge truck bomb destroyed a large part of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, damaging more than 300 other buildings and killing 168 people, including 19 children at a day-care center. The bombing was the deadliest terror attack America had experienced before the 9/11 assault and, understandably, caused a public outcry for justice.
In a matter of days the FBI established that the bombing was the work of a conspiracy. While that word may not always sit well with journalists, conspiracies are the rule, not the exception, when it comes to perpetrating such crimes. According to the Center on Law and Security at Fordham University, which tracks federal terrorism cases, 92% of all federal indictments for such cases since 2001 contained a conspiracy charge.
The first conspirator arrested was Timothy McVeigh, a 27-year-old Army veteran, who had been awarded the Bronze Star during the first Gulf War. As the evidence clearly showed, McVeigh had driven the truck bomb to Oklahoma City and detonated it. The second conspirator arrested was Terry Nichols, a 40-year-old farmer who had befriended McVeigh in the Army and who had helped him prepare and arm the truck bomb. Both McVeigh and Mr. Nichols were found guilty of a conspiracy to use a weapon of mass destruction. McVeigh was sentenced to death and executed on June 11, 2001. Mr. Nichols was sentenced to life imprisonment with no possibility of parole. The only other person charged in the conspiracy was Michael Fortier, who pleaded guilty to not warning authorities of the attack; he was sentenced to 12 years and is now in the witness-protection program, having testified for the prosecution in the McVeigh and Nichols cases.
"Oklahoma City," an extraordinarily well-researched book, asserts that the FBI investigation of the bombing was badly flawed and missed, or disregarded, evidence of a larger conspiracy. The authors, Andrew Gumbel and Roger Charles, are both highly regarded investigative reporters who have been immersed in this case for more than a decade. (Mr. Charles also worked as an investigator for the legal team defending McVeigh.) They were given access to vast amounts of material assembled by the defense teams, including 18,000 FBI witness interviews; and the authors extensively corresponded with Mr. Nichols in the supermax prison where he is held in Florence, Colo. Messrs. Gumbel and Charles have no doubt that McVeigh and Mr. Nichols were guilty as charged in the conspiracy, but the authors raise the question: "How far did the conspiracy go?"
The book brilliantly deconstructs the investigation with the benefit of hindsight. It describes, most tellingly, a turf war among the law-enforcement agencies, including the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms hoarding information and keeping it from the FBI. Danny Defenbaugh, who led the FBI investigation and is now a private security consultant, told the authors: "When you get agencies working together in a joint Task Force, they should be holding hands, not keeping fingers crossed behind their backs." The book also outlines how federal prosecutors, eager to wrap up the McVeigh and Nichols cases, avoided raising questions about possible co-conspirators that the defense could use to confound a jury.
Among the glaring gaps in the investigation was the failure of the FBI to attempt to match the more than 1,000 unidentified latent fingerprints found in the investigation—taken from McVeigh's car and motel room, as well as from the office where he had rented the truck—to the FBI's computerized database or even to perform a comparison among them to see how many belonged to the same people. This failure proved important because, as the authors demonstrate, almost all the eyewitnesses to the crime claimed that McVeigh was not alone.
No fewer than 24 witnesses said that they saw McVeigh, just before and after the crime, with a man who could not have been either Mr. Nichols or Mr. Fortier. The FBI concluded that these witnesses had all been confused. Certainly eyewitness testimony can be unreliable, but 24 mistaken witnesses—and no accurate ones? The authors suggest that the FBI missed the chance to track down a third conspirator. "One of the prickliest problems with the government's case," they write, "was its failure to explain how McVeigh and Nichols could build a huge destructive device without advanced explosives training and be confident it would go off."
Searching for candidates for this "unknown John Doe," Messrs. Gumbel and Charles investigate right-wing militias, paranoid religious sects and others with whom McVeigh and Mr. Nichols might have associated. There is no shortage of suspects in this bizarre universe, including gun-show scamsters, bank robbers, drug addicts and neo-Nazis. All that the authors are able to show is that the most likely suspects were not adequately investigated by the FBI. If there were other conspirators, we do not know who they are.
The great value of "Oklahoma City" is not that it solves a mystery but that it reveals the limits, and vulnerabilities, of a no-expense-barred government investigation. Yes, the FBI investigation was quantitatively massive—it collected a vast amount of data, including 13 million hotel and motel records—but it may have missed the bigger picture by not pursuing, or dismissing, evidence that went counter to the prosecution's "two man alone" theory.
—Mr. Epstein's latest book is "Three Days in May: The DSK Thriller," to be published later this month by Melville House.
The article is reproduced in accordance with Section 107 of title 17 of the Copyright Law of the United States relating to fair-use and is for the purposes of criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research.
1 comment:
Andreas Strassmeir, a German national with connections in both the FBI and German intelligence,closely resembles John Doe #2. I tried to research Strassmeir from reliable sources, but it appears they have been scrubbed. There used to be a Wikipedia page on him, but it was deleted in 2006. That's the first time I've ever heard of an entire Wikipedia page being deleted.
A BBC report places him with McVeigh, Nichols, and Elohim City, but info is sparse. It's harder than finding info on Obama's boyhood.
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